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IGNOU MZO-02 (January 2026 – December 2026) Assignment Questions

1. (a) Explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment with examples, accounting for 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 F₂ ratios in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
(b) Describe the phenomenon of duplicate genes with cumulative effect with suitable examples. How does this type of gene interaction modify the expected Mendelian ratio, and what phenotypic ratio is observed in the F₂ generation of such crosses?

2. (a) Briefly describe different gene types in eukaryotes with examples, highlighting the functional significance.
(b) Explain human gene mapping by linkage analysis in pedigrees using nail-patella syndrome and ABO blood group example, including recombination frequency calculation.

3. Compare spontaneous vs. induced mutations, explaining DNA replication errors, tautomeric shifts, depurination, UV-induced thymine dimers, and 5BU base analog effects.

4. Explain positive and negative control mechanisms in prokaryotic gene expression, distinguishing inducible/repressible systems with diagrams of activator/repressor binding to RPBS and effector molecule effects.

5. Describe eukaryotic gene structure and evolutionary role of introns in exon shuffling.

6. Describe general/specific transcription factors, their roles in eukaryotic transcription initiation, DNA-binding motifs and cis-regulatory elements.

7. Explain Drosophila sex determination by Genic Balance Theory (X/A ratio), Calvin Bridges’ experiments, and molecular pathway involving sxl, tra, tra-2, and dsx genes.

8. Explain artificial selection using narrow-sense heritability, selection differential/response to selection, QTL mapping, and heritability estimates for human intelligence/personality traits.

9. (a) Compare direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA techniques, their principles, advantages, and applications.
(b) Describe steps in cloning eukaryotic insulin genes in prokaryotes for recombinant human insulin production using synthetic A/B chains and fusion proteins.

10. Compare non-viral vs. viral vectors in gene therapy, their advantages/disadvantages, and applications in treating cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, cancer, and dermatological disorders.

IGNOU MZO-02 (January 2025 – December 2025) Assignment Questions

1. How did Mendel’s use of controlled crossbreeding in pea plants lead to the discovery of dominant and recessive traits? Describe the Mendel’s laws of heredity.

2. What is epistasis, and how does it affect the expression of traits? Provide examples to describe the different types of epistasis, such as dominant epistasis and recessive epistasis.

3. What are the different types of mutations and how do they affect the genetic code and protein synthesis?

4. How do transcription factors and enhancers regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells, and what role do epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification play in this process?

5. Compare the X-Y sex determination system with the Z-W sex determination system, providing suitable examples.

6. Describe the key cytogenetic techniques of karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

7. What are cloning vectors? How are they used in recombinant DNA technology to insert foreign genes into host cells? Discuss the different types of cloning vectors and their features.

8. Compare the processes of constructing a genomic library and a cDNA library. Which type of library is used for studying gene expression?

9. What are transgenic animals? What are the key techniques used in the creation of transgenic animals, and how do these methods contribute to advancements in fields such as medicine and agriculture?

10. What is gene therapy and how does it work to treat genetic disorders? Discuss the various types of gene therapy and their applications.

MZO-02 Assignments Details

University	:	IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
Title	:	Genetics and Animal Biotechnology
Language(s)	:	English
Code	:	MZO-02
Degree	:	MSCZOO
Subject	:	Zoology
Course	:	Core Courses (CC)
Author	:	Gullybaba.com Panel
Publisher	:	Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

IGNOU MZO-02 (Jan 26 - Dec 26, Jan 25 - Dec 25) - Solved Assignment

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